erdnay wrote:How would Great Northern have loaded and shipped grain during the 1950's? Boxcars?
In the early to mid 1950s, ALL bulk grain was shipped by boxcar, except for the few rare cases of extreme car shortages where OPEN hoppers were used in grain service, with canvas covers temporarily added to keep the grain (mostly) dry. The first bulk grain service airslides weren't built until 1957, and it took until about 1970 before there was MORE grain being moved by covered hopper than by boxcar.
Adding bulk grain to a boxcar is very simple. First, the railroad would ensure that they were delivering a CLEAN boxcar to an elevator. This would include removing any trash, fixing car liners if necessary (all boxcars at the time had wood interiors), and steam cleaning the interior if necessary. The railroad would deliver the car to the elevator, along with two grain doors per car. A grain door was usually two sets of three 2x12s, marked with the railroad's name (they were the property of the railroad, not the elevator). It was the responsibility of the elevator to attach the doors, by nailing them to the car liner. Once the doors were on the car, the elevator would fill the car with grain via a long pipe running out of the side of the elevator. (most boxcars had lines indicating the fill line for various types of grain). Once the car was full, the elevator would call the railroad, which would pick up the car, weigh it at the nearest scale, and bill the elevator.
Unloading boxcars full of bulk grain depended on where it was going. At very small facilities the cars were emptied by hand - two guys and shovels. Sometimes, the grain doors were knocked out of the car and the grain allowed to spill onto the ground, from there to be shovelled into waiting trucks or bins. At larger facilities (mills, etc) there were generally three types of unloaders: grates in the floor leading to a conveyor belt, large vacuum hoses to suck the grain out of a car, and car shakers, which would elther vibrate the grain out of a car or literally lift it off the rails and wiggle it around until it was empty. These types of unloaders were ONLY found at large plants however; remember, before 1960 a man was MUCH cheaper than any sort of machinery. Once the car was cleaned of grain, the customer had to return the railroad's grain doors to them or be charged a penalty (which was kept very high, to encourage the return of the road's doors).
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